Emerging and re-emerging bacterial infections are a serious threat to human and animal
health. Extracellular bacteria are free-living, while facultative intracellular bacteria replicate …

Activation of CD4 T cells by B cells has been extensively studied, but B cell-regulated
priming, proliferation, and survival of CD8 T cells remains controversial. B cells express high …

T-bet and FOXO1 are transcription factors canonically associated with effector and memory
T cell fates, respectively. During an infectious response, these factors direct the development …

Introduction Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe acute
inflammatory reaction to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. There is a lack of data describing …

Objectives Dissecting the underlying mechanism of T cells remodeling mediated by
interferon α (IFN-α) is indispensable for achieving an optimum therapeutic response in …

Introduction Since the development of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic
caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there has …

Current cancer vaccines using T cell epitopes activate antitumor T cell immunity through
dendritic cell/macrophage-mediated antigen presentation, but they lack the ability to …

Immunotherapy for cancer has provided new treatment approaches for malignant tumors,
but there are low rates of response and high rates of resistance. The most recent …

Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics have been widely employed as strategies for the
treatment and prevention of diseases. Amid the global outbreak of COVID-19, mRNA …

Introduction Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell immunotherapy has revolutionized the
prognosis of refractory or relapsed B-cell malignancies. CAR-T cell recipients have …