Elite athletic competitions have separate male and female events due to men's physical
advantages in strength, speed, and endurance so that a protected female category with …

Acromegaly is a chronic systemic disease with many complications and is associated with
increased mortality when not adequately treated. Substantial advances in acromegaly …

Background: Limb muscle dysfunction is prevalent in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) and it has important clinical implications, such as reduced exercise tolerance …

Despite the high prevalence of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, media attention has
focused almost entirely on PED use by elite athletes to illicitly gain a competitive advantage …

Objective: The development of these guidelines is sponsored by the American Association
of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Board of Directors and American College of …

Drug abuse occurs in all sports and at most levels of competition. Athletic life may lead to
drug abuse for a number of reasons, including for performance enhancement, to self-treat …

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and other hormones such as growth hormone (GH) and
insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have been shown to increase muscle mass in patients …

Growth Hormone Assessment in Adults Growth hormone synthesis and physiology are
discussed in the context of recombinant growth hormone use in adults. Growth hormone …

Besides their growth-promoting properties, GH and IGF-1 regulate a broad spectrum of
biological functions in several organs, including the kidney. This review focuses on the renal …

Abstract The World Anti-Doping Agency is responsible for maintaining a Prohibited List that
describes the use of substances and methods that are prohibited for athletes. The list …