Anesthesia objectives have evolved into combining hypnosis, amnesia, analgesia,
paralysis, and suppression of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system. Technological …

The association between intraoperative nociception and increased patient's morbidity is well
established. However, hemodynamic parameters, such as heart rate and blood pressure …

Background During general anesthesia, the surgical pleth index (SPI) monitors nociception.
The evidence of SPI in the elderly remains scarce. We aimed to investigate whether there is …

Surgical pleth index (SPI) monitoring is a representative, objective nociception-monitoring
device that measures nociception using photoplethysmographic signals. It is easy to apply to …

Objectives Appropriate administration of intraoperative analgesia is an essential factor in
care and reasonable recovery times. Inappropriate intraoperative analgesia puts the patient …

Perioperative nociception-antinociception balance is essential for the prevention of adverse
postoperative events. Estimating the nociception level helps optimize intraoperative …

The interaction between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system
(PNS) governs various physiological functions, influences cognitive processes and …

The brain-based assessments under anesthesia have provided the ability to evaluate
pain/nociception during surgery and the potential to prevent long-term evolution of chronic …

Purpose Pain is a major physiological stressor that can worsen critical medical conditions in
many ways. Currently, there is no reliable monitoring tool which is available for pain …

General anesthesia has improved considerably over the years due to the automation of drug
perfusion through closed-loop control which provided numerous advantages regarding …