Since 1999, various forward-and reverse-genetic approaches have uncovered nearly 200
genes required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in legumes. These discoveries …

Plants associate with a wide range of microorganisms, with both detrimental and beneficial
outcomes. Central to plant survival is the ability to recognize invading microorganisms and …

Cell surface receptors govern a multitude of signalling pathways in multicellular organisms.
In plants, prominent examples are the receptor kinases FLS2 and BRI1, which activate …

Lipochitin oligosaccharides called Nod factors function as primary rhizobial signal
molecules triggering legumes to develop new plant organs: root nodules that host the …

The ability of root cells to distinguish mutualistic microbes from pathogens is crucial for
plants that allow symbiotic microorganisms to infect and colonize their internal root tissues …

Symbiosis between soybean (Glycine max) and rhizobia is essential for efficient nitrogen
fixation. Rhizobial effectors secreted through the type-III secretion system are key for …

Endocytosis is essential for the maintenance of protein and lipid compositions in the plasma
membrane and for the acquisition of materials from the extracellular space. Clathrin …

Plasma membranes provide a highly selective environment for a large number of
transmembrane and membrane-associated proteins. Whereas lateral movement of proteins …

Legumes and a few other plant species can establish a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-
fixing rhizobia, which enables them to survive in a nitrogen-deficient environment. During …

Nod factors (NF s) are lipochitooligosaccharidic signal molecules produced by rhizobia,
which play a key role in the rhizobium-legume symbiotic interaction. In this study, we …