The course of pupillary constriction and dilation provides an easy-to-access, inexpensive,
and noninvasive readout of brain activity. We propose a new taxonomy of factors affecting …

This guide describes best practices in using eye tracking technology for research in a variety
of disciplines. A basic outline of the anatomy and physiology of the eyes and of eye …

Cognitive pupillometry is the measurement of pupil size to investigate cognitive processes
such as attention, mental effort, working memory, and many others. Currently, there is no …

Visceral sensory pathways mediate homeostatic reflexes, the dysfunction of which leads to
many neurological disorders. The Bezold–Jarisch reflex (BJR), first described, in 1867, is a …

Cognitive function relies on the dynamic cooperation of specialized regions of the brain;
however, the elements of the system responsible for coordinating this interaction remain …

A variety of psychological and physical phenomena elicit variations in the diameter of pupil
of the eye. Changes in pupil size are mediated by the relative activation of the sphincter …

The pupillary light response is an important automatic physiological response which
optimizes light reaching the retina. Recent work has shown that the pupil also adjusts in …

The number of research groups studying the pupil is increasing, as is the number of
publications. Consequently, new standards in pupillography are needed to formalize the …

Applied Attention Theory, Second Edition provides details concerning the relevance of all
aspects of attention to the world beyond the laboratory. Topic application areas include the …

An animal's decision depends not only on incoming sensory evidence but also on its
fluctuating internal state. This state embodies multiple cognitive factors, such as arousal and …