The immune system of vertebrates includes innate immunity and adaptive immunity, and the
network between them enables the host to fight against invasions of various pathogens …

The malaria parasite life cycle includes asexual replication in human blood, with a
proportion of parasites differentiating to gametocytes required for transmission to …

When challenged with an invading pathogen, the host-defense response is engaged to
eliminate the pathogen (resistance) and to maintain health in the presence of the pathogen …

Host age is often evoked as an intrinsic factor aggravating the outcome of host-pathogen
interactions. However, the shape of the relationship between age and infection-induced …

In the acidic lysosome-like digestive vacuole, Plasmodium parasites crystallize heme from
hemoglobin into hemozoin, or malaria pigment. Upon release of progeny merozoites, the …

Severe malarial anemia (SMA) increases the morbidity and mortality of Plasmodium, the
causative agent of malaria. SMA is mainly developed by children and pregnant women in …

It is well accepted that the impact of diseases is generally more detrimental in elderly
individuals than in younger ones. Changes in the immune system due to ageing can directly …

Hosts can evolve a variety of defences against parasitism, including resistance (which
prevents or reduces the spread of infection) and tolerance (which protects against …

Secondary bacterial challenges during influenza virus infection “superinfection”) cause
excessive mortality and hospitalization. Here, we present a longitudinal study of bulk gene …

Disease tolerance is a defense strategy essential for survival of infections, limiting
physiological damage without killing the pathogen. The disease course and pathology a …