Pesticides are important chemicals or biological agents that deter or kill pests. The use of
pesticides has continued to increase as it is still considered the most effective method to …

Oxidative stress (OS) has greatly interested the research community in understanding
damaging processes occurring in cells. OS is triggered by an imbalance between reactive …

Mitochondria are essential for the activity, function and viability of eukaryotic cells and
mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) and …

Hypoxia is a major hallmark of the tumor microenvironment that is strictly associated with
rapid cancer progression and induction of metastasis. Hypoxia inhibits disulfide bond …

Although aging is a known risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the pathogenic
mechanisms that underlie the effects of advancing age remain largely unexplained. Some …

Execution of fundamental cellular functions demands regulated protein folding homeostasis.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an active organelle existing to implement this function by …

The incretin hormone Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) is best known for its “incretin effect”
in restoring glucose homeostasis in diabetics, however, it is now apparent that it has a …

Coatomer complex I (COPI) mediates retrograde vesicular trafficking from Golgi to the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and within Golgi compartments. Deficiency in subunit alpha …

Target of rapamycin (TOR) forms two conserved, structurally distinct kinase complexes
termed TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TORC2. Each complex phosphorylates a different set …

Organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides are banned in most countries because
they cause high toxicity and bioaccumulation in non-target organisms. Pyrethroid pesticides …