The physical characteristics of tumours are intricately linked to the tumour phenotype and
difficulties during treatment. Many factors contribute to the increased stiffness of tumours; …

Chemotherapy is the preferred treatment for advanced stage gastric cancer (GC) patients
and chemotherapy resistance is the major obstacle to effective cancer therapy. Increasing …

Glucose metabolism reprogramming, which is a well‐established characteristic of multiple
cancers, demands a higher rate of glycolysis to meet the increasing demands for …

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling regulates a wide range of biological
processes. TGF-β plays an important role in tumorigenesis and contributes to the hallmarks …

A majority of cancers fail to respond to immunotherapy with antibodies targeting immune
checkpoints, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) or programmed death-1 …

During the past decades, anticancer immunotherapy has evolved from a promising
therapeutic option to a robust clinical reality. Many immunotherapeutic regimens are now …

CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are a unique subset of helper T-cells, which
regulate immune response and establish peripheral tolerance. Tregs not only maintain the …

Purpose: Throughout their development, tumors are challenged by the immune system, and
they acquire features to evade its surveillance. A systematic view of these traits, which shed …

Immune responses in tissues are constrained by the physiological properties of the tissue
involved. Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are a recently discovered lineage of T …

The hallmarks of cancer described by Hanahan and Weinberg have proved seminal in our
understanding of cancer's common traits and in rational drug design. Not free of critique and …