The mammalian intestinal tract harbors trillions of microorganisms confined within this space
by mucosal barriers. Despite these barriers, bacterial components may still be found …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), involved in essential physiological and pathological processes
of the organism, have emerged as powerful tools for disease treatment owing to their unique …

Inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a critical strategy for enhancing cancer
immunotherapy. However, inefficient and risky ICD inducers along with a tumor hypoxia …

In an attempt to achieve antitumor effects by switching the phenotype of macrophages from
the tumor-promoting M2 type to the tumor-suppressing M1 type, we fabricated mannose …

Cancer immunotherapy employing checkpoint inhibitors holds great promise across diverse
cancers; nonetheless, a substantial proportion of patients (ranging from 55 to 87%) remain …

Pyroptosis is a lytic and inflammatory type of programmed cell death that is mediated by
Gasdermin proteins (GSDMs). Attractively, recent evidence indicates that pyroptosis involves …

Nucleic acid-based therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for treating
various diseases, such as genetic disorders, cancers, and viral infections. Diverse nucleic …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical, nano-sized particles of bilayer lipid
structure secreted by Gram-negative bacteria. They contain a series of cargos from bacteria …

Bacteria and bacterial components possess multifunctional properties, making them
attractive natural bio-nanocarriers for cancer diagnosis and targeted treatment. The inherent …

Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are known to be critical communication tools in several
pathophysiological processes between bacteria and host cells. Given this situation, BMVs …