The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is not only important in executive functions, but also pain
processing. The latter is dependent on its connections to other areas of the cerebral …

Inflammatory pain is caused by peripheral tissue injury and inflammation. Inflammation
leads to peripheral sensitization, which may further cause central sensitization, resulting in …

Chronic primary pain (CPP) is a group of diseases with long‐term pain and functional
disorders but without structural or specific tissue pathologies. CPP is becoming a serious …

The concept of fibromyalgia has progressed to achieve a certain consensus regarding the
definition of the condition. We summarize what is known in 2020, be it in terms of diagnosis …

Nociplastic pain arises from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of tissue or
somatosensory system damage, and fibromyalgia syndrome can be highlighted as a …

Chronic pain often predicts the onset of psychological distress. Symptoms including anxiety
and depression after pain chronification reportedly are caused by brain remodeling …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes maladaptive changes to nociceptive synaptic circuits within
the injured spinal cord. Changes also occur at remote regions including the brain stem …

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) may result in cellular and molecular changes in supraspinal
structures possibly involved in neuropathic pain (NPP) maintenance. Activated glial cells in …

Osteoarthritis and its associated comorbidities are important clinical problems that have a
negative impact on the quality of life, and its treatment remains unresolved. We investigated …

The amygdala has emerged as an important brain area for the emotional-affective
dimension of pain and pain modulation. The amygdala receives nociceptive information …