Abstract Since the Great Oxidation Event, about 2.4 billion years ago, the Earth is immersed
in an oxidizing atmosphere. Thus, it has been proposed that excess oxygen, originally a …

Accumulating evidence demonstrates that metabolic changes in the brain associated with
neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction play an important role in …

Microplastics (MPs) are new environmental pollutants and have received widespread
attention in recent years, but the toxicity of the MPs remains to be fully elucidated. To explore …

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death and reduced quality of life, proven by
the latest data of the Global Burden of Disease Study, and is only gaining in prevalence …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with human aging.
Ten percent of individuals over 65 years have AD and its prevalence continues to rise with …

The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying neuronal death and dysfunction in Alzheimer's
disease (AD) remain unclear. However, chronic neuroinflammation has been implicated in …

Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and development of insulin resistance are
characterized by multi‐stimuli factors notably glucolipotoxicity, generation of reactive oxygen …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is tremendously important for mammalian immunity and cellular
homeostasis. The role of TNF as a master regulator in balancing cell survival, apoptosis and …

Schizophrenia is recognized to be a highly heterogeneous disease at various levels, from
genetics to clinical manifestations and treatment sensitivity. This heterogeneity is also …

Inflammatory reactions could be both beneficial and detrimental to the brain, depending on
strengths of their activation in various stages of neurodegeneration. Mild activation of …