Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-
inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide …

The innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide is essential for host defense against
Gram-negative bacteria. In response to bacterial infection, the TLR4/MD-2 complex that is …

Gram-negative bacteria decorate their outermost surface structure, lipopolysaccharide, with
elaborate chemical moieties, which effectively disguises them from immune surveillance and …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer membrane of almost all Gram-
negative bacteria and consists of lipid A, core sugars, and O-antigen. LPS is recognized by …

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell wall component characteristic of Gram-negative
bacteria, is a representative pathogen-associated molecular pattern that allows mammalian …

Infections are one of the major selective pressures acting on humans, and host-pathogen
interactions contribute to shaping the genetic diversity of both organisms. Evolutionary …

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature
infants. The pathophysiology is likely secondary to innate immune responses to intestinal …

The immune system of multicellular organisms protects them from harmful microbes. To
establish an infection in the face of host immune responses, pathogens must evolve specific …

Recombinant, Escherichia coli-derived outer membrane vesicles (rOMVs), which display
heterologous protein subunits, have potential as a vaccine adjuvant platform. One drawback …

Strategies utilizing Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonists for treatment of cancer, infectious
diseases, and other targets report promising results. Potent TLR4 antagonists are also …