Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is the first discovered second messenger, which
plays pivotal roles in cell signaling, and regulates many physiological and pathological …

Dysregulated inflammation is a central pathological process in diverse disease states.
Traditionally, therapeutic approaches have sought to modulate the pro-or anti-inflammatory …

Cancer is one of the most common causes of death globally. Despite extensive research
and considerable advances in cancer therapy, the fundamentals of the disease remain …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that specifically inactivate the intracellular
messengers cAMP and cGMP in a compartmentalized manner represent an important …

All organisms must sense and respond to their external environments, and this signal
transduction often involves second messengers such as cyclic nucleotides. One such …

Human luteinizing hormone (hLH) and chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) act on the same
receptor (LHCGR) but it is not known whether they elicit the same cellular and molecular …

A complex intracellular signaling governs different cellular responses in inflammation.
Extracellular stimuli are sensed, amplified, and transduced through a dynamic cellular …

For more than four decades, the cyclic nucleotides cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP
(cGMP) have been recognized as important signaling molecules within cells. Under normal …

Neuroglia, the “glue” that fills the space between neurons in the central nervous system,
takes active part in nerve cell signaling. Neuroglial cells, astroglia, oligodendroglia, and …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of targets for approved drugs, are
rarely targeted for cancer treatment, except for certain endocrine and hormone-responsive …