Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous danger molecules that
are released from damaged or dying cells and activate the innate immune system by …

The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to
cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited …

Tumor heterogeneity, often leading to metastasis, limits the development of tumor therapy.
Personalized therapy is promising to address tumor heterogeneity. Here, a vesicle system …

Although the potential contribution of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiome to
human health, aging, and disease is becoming increasingly acknowledged, the molecular …

The endothelium, a tissue that forms a single layer of cells lining various organs and cavities
of the body, especially the heart and blood as well as lymphatic vessels, plays a complex …

Paraptosis is characterized by the extensive vacuolization of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
and mitochondria, which will cause the release of damage-associated molecular patterns to …

The peri-menopause or menopausal transition—the time period that surrounds the final
years of a woman's reproductive life—is associated with profound reproductive and …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), accounting for 90–95% cases of diabetes, is characterized
by chronic inflammation. The mechanisms that control inflammation activation in T2DM are …

The human microbiome consists of~ 3.8× 10 13 symbiotic microorganisms that form a highly
complex and dynamic ecosystem: the gastrointestinal (GI) tract constitutes the largest …

Inflammation as a second line of defense of innate immunity plays a crucial role in
eliminating invading pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi as well as other parasites). The …