The brain is supplied by an elaborate vascular network that originates extracranially and
reaches deep into the brain. The concept of the neurovascular unit provides a useful …

Brain function critically depends on a close matching between metabolic demands,
appropriate delivery of oxygen and nutrients, and removal of cellular waste. This matching …

Cerebral autoregulation (CA) refers to the control of cerebral tissue blood flow (CBF) in
response to changes in perfusion pressure. Due to the challenges of measuring intracranial …

Understanding the contribution of the autonomic nervous system to cerebral blood flow
(CBF) control is challenging, and interpretations are unclear. The identification of calcium …

Retinal ganglion cells, the neurons that die in glaucoma, are endowed with a high
metabolism requiring optimal provision of oxygen and nutrients to sustain their activity. The …

Background & Aims Increased plasma ammonia concentration and consequent disruption of
brain energy metabolism could underpin the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) …

Cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity (CVR) is often considered a bioassay of cerebrovascular
endothelial function. We recently introduced a test of cerebral shear‐mediated dilatation …

Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), is important for determining future risk of cerebrovascular
disease. It is unclear if primary aging is associated with reductions in CVR because previous …

Cerebral hemodynamics, eg, cerebral blood flow, can be measured and quantified using
many different methods, with transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) being one of the most …

Over the past several decades, it has become increasingly clear that women have distinct
cardiovascular profiles compared to men. In this review, our goal is to provide an overview of …