During development of disease, complex intracellular signaling pathways regulate an
intricate series of events, including resistance to external toxins, the secretion of cytokines …

Inflammatory pain is caused by peripheral tissue injury and inflammation. Inflammation
leads to peripheral sensitization, which may further cause central sensitization, resulting in …

Although pain is regarded as a global public health priority, analgesic therapy remains a
significant challenge. Pain is a hypersensitivity state caused by peripheral and central …

Nociceptive signals are transmitted by peripheral afferents to the central nervous system
under pain condition, a process that involves various neurotransmitters and pathways …

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and associated signaling pathways have
been reported to be increased in inflammatory pain signaling. There are accumulating …

Inflammatory orofacial pain, in which substance P (SP) plays an important role, is closely
related to the cross-talk between trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and satellite glial cells …

Acupuncture has been used for millennia to treat allergic diseases including both
intermittent rhinitis and persistent rhinitis. Besides the research on the efficacy and safety of …

Background Chronic pain, or sometimes referred to as persistent pain, reduces the life
quality of patients who are suffering from chronic diseases such as inflammatory diseases …

BACKGROUND: The endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1 R)
and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are involved in the mechanism of pain …

Background Clinical patients suffering from pain usually exhibit aversion to pain-associated
environments (pain aversion). Electro-acupuncture (EA) has been proven to be effective for …