Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with
more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth …

It has long been appreciated that the experience of pain is highly variable between
individuals. Pain results from activation of sensory receptors specialized to detect actual or …

Pain thresholds are, in part, set as a function of emotional and internal states by descending
modulation of nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. Neurons of the rostral …

Pain perception is essential for survival and can be amplified or suppressed by
expectations, experiences, and context. The neural mechanisms underlying bidirectional …

This Perspective reviews recent findings in placebo hypoalgesia and provides a conceptual
account of how expectations and experience can lead to placebo hypoalgesia. In particular …

The gate theory of pain, published by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall in Science in 1965,
was formulated to provide a mechanism for coding the nociceptive component of cutaneous …

Itch, in particular chronic forms, has been widely recognized as an important clinical
problem, but much less is known about the mechanisms of itch in comparison with other …

Many are frustrated with the lack of translational progress in the pain field, in which huge
gains in basic science knowledge obtained using animal models have not led to the …

The study of pain in awake animals raises ethical, philosophical, and technical problems.
We review the ethical standards for studying pain in animals and emphasize that there are …

Migraine is a common and complex brain disorder. Although it is clear that head pain is a
key manifestation of the disorder for most patients, what drives the activation of neuronal …