The tumor microenvironment (TME), which is mostly composed of tumor cells, immune cells,
signaling molecules, stromal tissue, and the vascular system, is an integrated system that is …

Simple Summary The primary issue of adoptive cell therapy is the poor in vivo persistence.
In this context, it is necessary to clarify the fundamental mechanisms of T cell dysfunction …

Ionizable lipid nanocarriers have made historical contribution to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.
Here, we report ionizable polymeric nanoparticles that co-deliver bi-adjuvant and …

The metabolic reprogramming during T cell activation and differentiation affects T cell fate
and immune responses. Cell metabolism may serve as the driving force that induces …

Chronic antigen stimulation leads to T cell exhaustion. Nutrient restrictions and other
suppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment further exacerbate T cell dysfunction …

T cell dysfunctionality prevents the clearance of chronic infections and cancer. Furthermore,
epigenetic programming in dysfunctional CD8+ T cells limits their response to …

The liver's unique characteristics have a profound impact on the priming and maintenance of
adaptive immunity. This review delves into the cellular circuits that regulate adaptive …

Chronic infections and cancers evade the host immune system through mechanisms that
induce T cell exhaustion. The heterogeneity within the exhausted CD8+ T cell pool has …

Background Field cancerization is characterized by areas of normal tissue affected by
mutated clones. Bladder field cancerization may explain the development and recurrence of …

The functional decline in T cells during their chronic stimulation, commonly referred to as T
cell exhaustion, is a major limitation for current immunotherapy approaches. As modern …