COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has claimed approximately 5 million lives
and 257 million cases reported globally. This virus and disease have significantly affected …

Background Multicellular organisms have evolved systems/mechanisms to detect various
forms of danger, including attack by microbial pathogens and a variety of pests, as well as …

Background: Cardiac dysfunction is a major component of sepsis-induced multiorgan failure
in critical care units. Changes in cardiac autophagy and its role during sepsis pathogenesis …

Retinal endothelial cells (RECs) are the primary target cells for diabetes-induced vascular
damage. The P2X7/NLRP3 pathway plays an essential role in amplifying inflammation via …

Connexins are ubiquitous channel forming proteins that assemble as plasma membrane
hemichannels and as intercellular gap junction channels that directly connect cells. In the …

This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, ie, ATP released from nerves as a
transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre-and …

The involvement of extracellular nucleotides and adenosine in an array of cell-specific
responses has long been known and appreciated, but the integrative view of purinergic …

Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides mediate diverse signaling effects in virtually all
organs and tissues. Most models of purinergic signaling depend on functional interactions …

P2X receptors are cation-selective ion channels gated by extracellular ATP, and are
implicated in diverse physiological processes, from synaptic transmission to inflammation to …

Abstract Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a proinflammatory cytokine and a therapeutic target in
several chronic autoimmune states. Monocytes and macrophages are the major sources of …