This review explores the origins of intracellular parasitism, an intriguing facet of symbiosis,
where one organism harms its host, potentially becoming deadly. We focus on three …

Background Almost all extant organisms use the same, so-called canonical, genetic code
with departures from it being very rare. Even more exceptional are the instances when a …

Trypanosomatids are obligatory parasites, some of which are responsible for important
human and animal diseases, but the vast majority of trypanosomatids are restricted to …

Isocitrate dehydrogenase is an enzyme converting isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate in the
canonical tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. There are three different types of isocitrate …

Trypanosomatids (Euglenozoa) are a diverse group of unicellular flagellates predominately
infecting insects (monoxenous species) or circulating between insects and vertebrates or …

Trypanosomatids are obligate parasites of animals, predominantly insects and vertebrates,
and flowering plants. Monoxenous species, representing the vast majority of trypanosomatid …

Kinetoplastids, a group of flagellated protists that are often insect intestinal parasites,
encounter various sources of oxidative stress. Such stressors include reactive oxygen …

The kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), a distinctive arrangement of mitochondrial DNA found in
trypanosomatid protists, comprises a concatenated network of minicircles and maxicircles …