Abstract The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the virus severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created an unprecedented …

Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells, which provide a complex and adaptive
module that ensures first-line defense against external toxics, irritants, antigens, and …

Inflammation as a second line of defense of innate immunity plays a crucial role in
eliminating invading pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi as well as other parasites). The …

Nanomaterials, including metal‐based nanoparticles, are used for various biological and
medical applications. However, metals affect immune functions in many animal species …

The highly infective coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel strain of
coronaviruses–the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), either derived from exogenous sources or overproduced
endogenously, can disrupt the body's antioxidant defenses leading to compromised redox …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a clan of proteins involved in identification and triggering
a suitable response against pathogenic attacks. As lung is steadily exposed to multiple …

Kaempferol, a very common type of dietary flavonoids, has been found to exert antioxidative
and anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of our investigation was designed to reveal …

The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and
other forms of interstitial lung disease, involves a complex interplay of various factors …

Interactions between exposure to ambient air pollutants and respiratory pathogens have
been shown to modify respiratory immune responses. Emerging data suggest key roles for …