The immune system has coevolved with extensive microbial communities living on barrier
sites that are collectively known as the microbiota. It is increasingly clear that microbial …

Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of life, but many infants
receive pumped milk, formula, donor human milk, or other nutritional sources during this …

Breastfeeding is associated with long-term wellbeing including low risks of infectious
diseases and non-communicable diseases such as asthma, cancer, autoimmune diseases …

Maternal vaccination is an effective means of protecting pregnant women, their fetuses, and
infants from vaccine-preventable infections. Despite the availability of sufficient safety data to …

The gut is an efficient barrier which protects against the passage of pathogenic
microorganisms and potential harmful macromolecules into the body, in addition to its …

Many important events occur at birth. The fetus is suddenly removed from a protected intra-
uterine environment that is aquatic, warm, and nearly sterile, to the dry, cold external world …

Human milk is a complex fluid that has developed to satisfy the nutritional requirements of
infants. In addition to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and other biologically active …

Breast milk contains immunomodulating components that are beneficial to newborns during
maturation of their immune system. Human breast milk composition is influenced by an …

The first 1,000 days in the life of a human being are a vulnerable stage where early stimuli
may program adverse health outcomes in future life. Proper maternal nutrition before and …

Macrophages are involved in immune defense, organogenesis and tissue homeostasis.
Macrophages contribute to the different phases of mammary gland remodeling during …