Current therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce both relapses and relapse-associated
worsening of disability, which is assumed to be mainly associated with transient infiltration of …

Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that play active roles
in health and disease. Recent technologies have uncovered the functional heterogeneity of …

As resident macrophages of the CNS, microglia are critical immune effectors of inflammatory
lesions and associated neural dysfunctions. In multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal …

Our understanding of the role of innate and adaptive immune cell function in brain health
and how it goes awry during aging and neurodegenerative diseases is still in its infancy …

B cells, also known as B lymphocytes or lymphoid lineage cells, are a historically
understudied cell population with regard to brain-related injuries and diseases. However, an …

Neuroanatomical barriers with physical, chemical, and immunological properties play an
essential role in preventing the spread of peripheral infections into the CNS. A failure to …

Background Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory
autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that involves B-cell receptor signaling as …

Chronic pain is a long-standing unpleasant sensory and emotional feeling that has a
tremendous impact on the physiological functions of the body, manifesting itself as a …

Acute injury to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a complex and challenging clinical
need. CNS injury initiates a dynamic neuroinflammatory response, mediated by both …

Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, with limited
spontaneous repair processes occurring after injury. Immune cells are involved in multiple …