Neocortical pyramidal neurons with somata in layers 5 and 6 are among the most visually
striking and enigmatic neurons in the brain. These deep-layer pyramidal neurons (DLPNs) …

Movement abnormalities of Parkinson's disease (PD) arise from disordered neural activity in
multiple interconnected brain structures. The planning and execution of movement requires …

The basal ganglia play key roles in adaptive behaviors guided by reward and punishment.
However, despite accumulating knowledge, few studies have tested how heterogeneous …

Motor and premotor cortices are crucial for the control of movements. However, we still know
little about how these areas contribute to higher-order motor control, such as deciding which …

The basal ganglia are critical for the control of motor behaviors and for reinforcement
learning. Here, we demonstrate in rats that primary and secondary motor areas (M1 and M2) …

Neurons comprising nigrostriatal system play important roles in action selection. However, it
remains unclear how this system integrates recent outcome information with current action …

Motor cortex generates descending output necessary for executing a wide range of limb
movements. Although movement-related activity has been described throughout motor …

The increasing awareness of the impact of spontaneous movements on neuronal activity
has raised the need to track behavior. We present FreiPose, a versatile learning-based …

Optogenetic tools such as channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) enable the manipulation and
mapping of neural circuits. However, ChR2 variants selectively transported down a neuron's …

It is well known that the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and frontal motor cortices in primates
preferentially control voluntary movements of contralateral limbs. The PPC of rats has been …