Endotoxemia is in its scientific ascendancy. Never has blood-borne, Gram-negative bacterial
endotoxin (LPS) been invoked in the pathogenesis of so many diseases—not only as a …

Of all pattern recognition receptors (PRR) in innate immunity, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)
recognizes the structurally broadest range of different bacterial compounds known as …

Sensors of pathogens, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), detect microbes to activate
transcriptional programs that orchestrate adaptive responses to specific insults. Here we …

Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, infects host macrophages, which
triggers production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. We …

Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of the acute disease tularemia. Due to its
extreme infectivity and ability to cause disease upon inhalation, F. tularensis has been …

Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family play key roles in both innate and adaptive
immune responses. TLR proteins enable host to recognize a large number of pathogen …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is initiated by dimerization of intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor
resistance (TIR) domains. For all TLRs except TLR3, recruitment of the adapter, myeloid …

Francisella tularensis is a zoonotic intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of the
debilitating febrile illness tularemia. Although natural infections by F. tularensis are sporadic …

Much is known about both microbial virulence and host defense mechanisms, and yet how
they interact to produce different clinical outcomes is poorly appreciated. Here I review …

Inflammatory bowel diseases and infectious gastroenteritis likely occur when the integrity of
intestinal barriers is disrupted allowing luminal bacterial products to cross into the intestinal …