Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are highly versatile signalling molecules that control various
important biological processes in bacteria. The best-studied example is cyclic di-GMP (c-di …

The cytoplasm of bacterial cells is a highly crowded cellular compartment that possesses
considerable osmotic potential. As a result, and owing to the semipermeable nature of the …

The second messenger molecule cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) is formed by many bacteria and
archaea. In many species that produce c-di-AMP, this second messenger is essential for …

Summary Low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols are small-molecule antioxidants required for
the maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis. However, many host-associated …

The second messenger cyclic di–adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is essential in the
Gram-positive model organism Bacillus subtilis and in related pathogenic bacteria. It …

ABSTRACT Cyclic dimeric adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is an emerging
second messenger in bacteria and archaea that is synthesized from two molecules of ATP …

Cyclic di-AMP is a second-messenger nucleotide that is produced by many bacteria and
some archaea. Recent work has shown that c-di-AMP is unique among the signaling …

Cyclic diadenylate (c-di-AMP) is a widespread second messenger in bacteria and archaea
that is involved in the maintenance of osmotic pressure, response to DNA damage, and …

Cyclic diadenosine monophosphate (c‐di‐AMP) is a conserved nucleotide second
messenger critical for bacterial growth and resistance to cell wall‐active antibiotics. In …

The purine-derived signaling molecules c-di-AMP and (p) ppGpp control mecA/PBP2a-
mediated β-lactam resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) raise …