Animal models of epilepsy and seizures, mostly involving mice and rats, are used to
understand the pathophysiology of the different forms of epilepsy and their comorbidities, to …

Monoaminergic neurons located in the central nervous system (CNS) are organized into
complex circuits which include noradrenergic (NA), adrenergic (Ad), dopaminergic (DA) …

Discovering that photobiomodulation (PBM) is neuroprotective and has augmentation effects
on human neurocognitive functions has been groundbreaking (1). Transcranial PBM with …

Deep layers of the superior colliculus, the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter and the inferior
colliculus are midbrain structures involved in the generation of defensive behavior and fear …

Epilepsy is a severe neural disorder that affects approximately fifty million individuals
globally. Despite the fact that for most of the people with epilepsy, convulsions are better …

Considering the influence of the substantia nigra on mesencephalic neurons involved with
fear-induced reactions organized in rostral aspects of the dorsal midbrain, the present work …

Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common form of epilepsy in humans. Oxidative stress is
a mechanism of cell death induced by seizures. Buspirone presents anxyolitic and …

The raphe nuclei comprise nearly all of 5-hydroxytryptaminergic (5-HTergic) neurons in the
brain and are widely acknowledged to participate in the modulation of neural …

We have previously shown that antinociceptive effects of morphine are enhanced in
histamine H1 receptor gene knockout mice. In the present study, involvement of supraspinal …

The electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral columns of the periaquedutal grey matter
(dlPAG) or deep layers of the superior colliculus (dlSC) evokes defensive behaviours …