One hundred years have passed since Warburg discovered alterations in cancer
metabolism, more than 70 years since Sidney Farber introduced anti-folates that …

The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, otherwise known as the Krebs cycle, is a central
metabolic pathway that performs the essential function of oxidizing nutrients to support …

Cancer cells undergo metabolic alterations to meet the immense demand for energy,
building blocks, and redox potential. Tumors show glucose-avid and lactate-secreting …

The proteins extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 are the downstream
components of a phosphorelay pathway that conveys growth and mitogenic signals largely …

Liver cancer has become the sixth most diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of
cancer death worldwide. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is responsible for up to 75–85 …

Abstract The RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is a well-characterized MAPK pathway
involved in cell proliferation and survival. The three-layered MAPK signaling cascade is …

Metabolic reprogramming enables cancer cell growth, proliferation, and survival. This
reprogramming is driven by the combined actions of oncogenic alterations in cancer cells …

Cancer cells must rewire cellular metabolism to satisfy the demands of unbridled growth and
proliferation. As such, most human cancers differ from normal counterpart tissues by a …

Most solid tumor cells adapt to their heterogeneous microenvironment by depending largely
on aerobic glycolysis for energy production, a phenomenon called the Warburg effect, which …

Altered energy metabolism is a hallmark of tumors aiming at supplying necessary nutrients
for tumorigenesis and development. These redirected metabolic pathways associated with …