Helper T (Th) cell subsets direct immune responses by producing signature cytokines. Th2
cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which are important in humoral immunity and protection …

The immunotherapy of cancer has made significant strides in the past few years due to
improved understanding of the underlying principles of tumor biology and immunology …

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) suppresses HIV-1 replication but cannot
eliminate the virus because HIV-1 establishes latent infection. Interruption of HAART leads …

The skin harbors a variety of resident leukocyte subsets that must be tightly regulated to
maintain immune homeostasis. Hair follicles are unique structures in the skin that contribute …

One of the fundamental traits of immune cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is their ability to
proliferate, a property shared with the joint-resident cells that form the synovial pannus. The …

Recent studies have highlighted a role for the alarmin interleukin (IL)-33 in CD4+ and CD8+
T cell activation and function, and have also revealed important distinctions. The IL-33 …

T cells surviving the clonal selection process emigrate from the thymus to the periphery as
immature naive T cells. In the periphery, upon activation under specific cytokine milieus …

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a pleiotropic cytokine with a broad range of biological functions in
many diverse cell types. It plays a major role in the development of inflammatory and …

CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs have an indispensable role in the maintenance of tolerance
after allogeneic HSC transplantation (HSCT). Patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease …

CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes are powerful components of adaptive immunity, which
essentially contribute to the elimination of tumors. Due to their cytotoxic capacity, T cells …