Ca2+ is a fundamental second messenger in all cell types and is required for numerous
essential cellular functions, including cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction. The …

Large-conductance Ca2+ release channels known as ryanodine receptors (RyRs) mediate
the release of Ca2+ from an intracellular membrane compartment, the endo/sarcoplasmic …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as an intracellular Ca2+ store not only sets up cytosolic
Ca2+ signals, but, among other functions, also assembles and folds newly synthesized …

Ca2+-dependent signaling is highly regulated in cardiomyocytes and determines the force
of cardiac muscle contraction. Ca2+ cycling refers to the release and reuptake of …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal regulator of various cellular functions. In cardiomyocytes,
Ca2+ is the central element of excitation–contraction coupling, but also impacts diverse …

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol 1, 4, 5‐trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) are
calcium (Ca2+) release channels on the endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR). Here we …

Rhythmic and effective cardiac contraction depends on appropriately timed generation and
spread of cardiac electrical activity. The basic cellular unit of such activity is the action …

The calcium ion (Ca2+) is the simplest and most versatile intracellular messenger known.
The discovery of Ca2+ sparks and a related family of elementary Ca2+ signaling events has …

Rationale: The transverse tubule (T-tubule) system is the ultrastructural substrate for
excitation–contraction coupling in ventricular myocytes; T-tubule disorganization and loss …

Cardiomyocyte function depends on coordinated movements of calcium into and out of the
cell and the proper delivery of ATP to energy-utilizing enzymes. Defects in calcium-handling …