The transformative success of antibodies targeting the PD-1 (programmed death 1)/B7-H1
(B7 homolog 1) pathway (anti-PD therapy) has revolutionized cancer treatment. However …

Cancers are highly complex diseases that are characterized by not only the overgrowth of
malignant cells but also an altered immune response. The inhibition and reprogramming of …

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) represents a potential strategy to overcome
resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with refractory melanoma; however …

The immune system is the core defense against cancer development and progression.
Failure of the immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells plays an important …

Programmed death protein 1 (PD1) is a common immunosuppressive member on the
surface of T cells and plays an imperative part in downregulating the immune system and …

Nanomedicine holds promise to enhance cancer immunotherapy; however, its potential to
elicit highly specific anti-tumor immunity without compromising immune tolerance has yet to …

To prevent the destruction of tissues owing to excessive and/or inappropriate immune
responses, immune cells are under strict check by various regulatory mechanisms at …

Autophagy is a cellular degradative pathway that plays diverse roles in maintaining cellular
homeostasis. Cellular stress caused by starvation, organelle damage, or proteotoxic …

Severe SARS-CoV-2 infections are characterized by lymphopenia, but the mechanisms
involved are still elusive. Based on our knowledge of HIV pathophysiology, we hypothesized …

Summary Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is a potent inhibitory co-receptor; yet, its
functional ligand remains elusive, with distinct potential ligands identified. Here, we …