Extracellular chromatin, for example in the form of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), is an
important element that propels the pathological progression of a plethora of diseases. DNA …

Background Our growing appreciation of the functional significance of the human microbiota
in health and disease has triggered a marked interest in bacterial-derived extracellular …

Background Reports regarding the presence of bacteria in the fetal environment remain
limited and controversial. Recently, extracellular vesicles secreted by the human gut …

The dearth of antibiotic candidates against Gram-negative bacteria and the rise of antibiotic
resistance create a global health concern. The challenge lies in the unique Gram-negative …

Introduction Metastasis is an important cause of high mortality and lethality of oral cancer.
Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) can promote tumour metastasis. Outer membrane vesicles …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a key component of the outer membrane in Gram-negative
bacteria (GNB), is widely recognized for its crucial role in mammalian innate immunity and …

Bacterial survival during antibiotic exposure is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. On
top of antibiotic resistance genes, biofilm formation, and persister tolerance, bacterial …

Periodontal tissue is a highly dynamic and frequently stimulated area where homeostasis is
easily destroyed, leading to proinflammatory periodontal diseases. Bacteria–bacteria and …

Sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis is an opportunistic pathogen that
widely exists in the human intestine and can cause severe infectious diseases. However, the …

Human norovirus is the primary cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis globally and is the
second leading cause of diarrheal deaths in children in developing countries. However …