Immune tolerance deletes or suppresses autoreactive lymphocytes and is established at
multiple levels during the development, activation and effector phases of T and B cells …

Host–microbiota interactions are fundamental for the development of the immune system.
Drastic changes in modern environments and lifestyles have led to an imbalance of this …

During the past decade, research has revealed that the vast community of micro-organisms
that inhabit the gut—known as the gut microbiota—is intricately linked to human health and …

Immune system aging is characterized by the paradox of immunosenescence (insufficiency)
and inflammaging (over-reaction), which incorporate two sides of the same coin, resulting in …

Humans and their microbiota have coevolved a mutually beneficial relationship in which the
human host provides a hospitable environment for the microorganisms and the microbiota …

The Human Intestinal Microbiome in Health and Disease | New England Journal of Medicine
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The microbiota plays a fundamental role in the induction, education, and function of the host
immune system. In return, the host immune system has evolved multiple means by which to …

Background Ipilimumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor targeting CTLA-4, prolongs survival
in a subset of patients with metastatic melanoma (MM) but can induce immune-related …

Microbial colonization of mucosal tissues during infancy plays an instrumental role in the
development and education of the host mammalian immune system. These early-life events …

The adaptive immune system and associated inflammation are vital in surveillance and host
protection against internal and external threats, but can secondarily damage host tissues …