The absolute reliance of the mammalian brain on oxygen to generate ATP renders it acutely
vulnerable to hypoxia, whether at high altitude or in clinical settings of anemia or pulmonary …

Globally, about 400 million people reside at terrestrial altitudes above 1500 m, and more
than 100 million lowlanders visit mountainous areas above 2500 m annually. The …

Lung ventilation fluctuates widely with behavior but arterial PCO 2 remains stable. Under
normal conditions, the chemoreflexes contribute to PaCO 2 stability by producing small …

Many stressors cause an increase in ventilation in humans. This is predominantly reported
as an increase in minute ventilation (). But, the same can be achieved by a wide variety of …

Pulmonary structure and function change significantly between young adulthood and old
age. Elastic elements of the lung degenerate, parenchymal tissue is lost, alveolar ducts and …

The ventilatory control system is highly vulnerable to exogenous administered opioid
analgesics. Particularly respiratory depression is a potentially lethal complication that may …

Ventilatory responses to hypoxia vary widely depending on the pattern and length of hypoxic
exposure. Acute, prolonged, or intermittent hypoxic episodes can increase or decrease …

The carotid body (CB) is an arterial chemoreceptor organ located in the carotid bifurcation
and has a well-recognized role in cardiorespiratory regulation. The CB contains …

Acute cardiorespiratory responses to O2 deficiency are essential for physiological
homeostasis. The prototypical acute O2-sensing organ is the carotid body, which contains …

We provide an updated review on the current understanding of breathing and sleep at high
altitude in humans. We conclude that:(1) progressive changes in pH initiated by the …