Sex-based differences in brain structure and function are observable throughout
development and are thought to contribute to differences in behavior, cognition, and the …

The influence of biological sex differences on human health and disease, while being
increasingly recognized, has long been underappreciated and underexplored. While …

The role of sex as an effect modifier of developmental lead (Pb) exposure has until recently
received little attention. Lead exposure in early life can affect brain development with …

Pre-natal exposure to acute maternal trauma or chronic maternal distress can confer
increased risk for psychiatric disorders in later life. Acute maternal trauma is the result of …

The medial preoptic area (MPOA) is a sexually dimorphic region of the brain that regulates
social behaviors. The sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) of the MPOA has been studied to …

There is credible evidence that environmental factors influence individual risk and/or
severity of autism spectrum disorders (hereafter referred to as autism). While it is likely that …

Reproductive function adjusts in response to environmental conditions in order to optimize
success. In humans, this plasticity includes age of pubertal onset, hormone levels and age at …

Maternal systemic inflammation increases risk for neurodevelopmental disorders like autism,
ADHD, and schizophrenia in offspring. Notably, these disorders are male-biased. Studies …

Children exposed prenatally to opioids are at an increased risk for behavioral problems and
executive function deficits. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala (AMG) regulate …

Brain sex differences are programmed largely by sex hormone secretions and direct sex
chromosome effects in early life, and are subsequently modulated by early life experiences …