Background: Oxytocin is a nonapeptide synthesized in the paraventricular and supraoptic
nuclei of the hypothalamus. Historically, this molecule has been involved as a key factor in …

Epidemiological studies have reported associations of air pollution exposures with various
neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit and …

Sexual differentiation is the early life process by which the brain is prepared for male or
female typical behaviors, and is directed by sex chromosomes, hormones and early life …

Social relationships, affiliative social attachments, are important for many species. The best
studied types of relationships are monogamous pair bonds. However, it remains unclear …

Abstract Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized
by social deficits, repetitive behaviours and lack of empathy. Its significant genetic heritability …

Anemonefishes are monogamous protandrous hermaphrodites that live in societies
structured by size-hierarchies that function as breeding queues. Within each group, the …

Stress is generally classified as any mental or emotional strain resulting from difficult
circumstances, and can manifest in the form of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress …

Introduction Epidemiologic studies are starting to report associations between antibiotic use
in early life and neurodevelopmental disorders. Through mechanisms within the gut …

In this review we explore the sex differences underlying various types of social cognition.
Particular focus will be placed on the behaviors of social recognition, social learning, and …

Highlights•Sex determination initiates genetic programs that control development and
function of neural circuits in a modular manner.•In worms, transcriptional and genomic …