Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders
has always been a significant challenge. The nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits …

The monoamine hypothesis has been accepted as the most common hypothesis of major
depressive disorder (MDD) for a long period because of its simplicity and understandability …

Background In treatment-resistant depression, commonly defined as a lack of response to
two or more consecutive treatments during the current depressive episode, the percentage …

A promising new treatment approach for major depressive disorder (MDD) targets the
microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, which is linked to physiological and behavioral functions …

Background The effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccination programme depends on mass
participation: the greater the number of people vaccinated, the less risk to the population …

BackgroundC-reactive protein (CRP) is a candidate biomarker for major depressive disorder
(MDD), but it is unclear how peripheral CRP levels relate to the heterogeneous clinical …

Gastrointestinal and central function are intrinsically connected by the gut microbiota, an
ecosystem that has co-evolved with the host to expand its biotransformational capabilities …

Rationale Growing evidence supports a role for the microbiota in regulating gut-brain
interactions and, thus, psychiatric disorders. Despite substantial scientific efforts to delineate …

The spleen, an important tissue for the immune system, acts as a filter for blood within the
immune system. Accumulating evidence suggests that the spleen affects a number of brain …

The structure of neuronal circuits that subserve cognitive functions in the brain is shaped
and refined throughout development and into adulthood. Evidence from human and animal …