Certain five heavy metals viz. arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr)(VI), mercury (Hg),
and lead (Pb) are non-threshold toxins and can exert toxic effects at very low concentrations …

Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and a potent toxic compound. Humans are
exposed to Pb through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact via food, water, tobacco …

Human biomonitoring has become a pivotal tool for supporting chemicals' policies. It
provides information on real-life human exposures and is increasingly used to prioritize …

As part of the Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) initiative a human biomonitoring
(HBM) survey is conducted in 21 countries. This survey builds on existing HBM capacity in …

Objective To examine biomarkers of methylmercury (MeHg) intake in women and infants
from seafood-consuming populations globally and characterize the comparative risk of fetal …

Human biomonitoring reference values are statistical estimates that indicate the upper
margin of background exposure to a given chemical at a given time. Nationally …

Background For Europe as a whole, data on internal exposure to environmental chemicals
do not yet exist. Characterization of the internal individual chemical environment is expected …

Background Human biomonitoring studies of trace elements in biological fluids are mostly
limited to a certain number of elements or biological materials. In this study, we describe the …

Background The assessment of human chemical risks related to occupational or
environmental exposure to pollutants requires the use of both accurate exposure indicators …

汞, 镉, 铅和砷是自然界中毒性较强的金属, 镉和砷已确定为致癌物, 汞和铅为可能致癌物.
人类活动过程的排放是汞, 镉, 铅和砷的主要污染来源, 由这些金属污染物暴露导致的人类疾病 …