Despite recent advances in understanding the causes of epilepsy, especially the genetic,
comprehending the biological mechanisms that lead to the epileptic phenotype remains …

From early unicellular organisms that formed in salty water environments to complex
organisms that live on land away from water, cells have had to protect a homeostatic internal …

Intracellular chloride ion concentration ([Cl–] i) homeostasis is critical for excitatory/inhibitory
balance and volume regulation in neurons. We quantitatively map spatiotemporal dendritic …

An acute reduction in plasma osmolality causes rapid uptake of water by astrocytes but not
by neurons, whereas both cell types swell as a consequence of lost blood flow (ischemia) …

The secondary active cation–chloride cotransporters (CCCs) utilize the existing Na+ and/or
K+ gradients to move Cl− into or out of cells. NKCC1 is an intensively studied member of the …

High water permeabilities permit rapid adjustments of glial volume upon changes in external
and internal osmolarity, and pathologically altered intracellular chloride concentrations ([Cl–] …

Pharmacoresistant seizures and cytotoxic cerebral edema are serious complications of
ischemic and traumatic brain injury. Intraneuronal Cl− concentration ([Cl−] i) regulation …

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality and chronic disability. Either recovery or
progression towards irreversible failure of neurons and astrocytes occurs within minutes to …

Neurosensory and behavioural disruptions are some of the most consistently reported
responses upon exposure to ocean acidification-relevant CO2 levels, especially in coral reef …

Sodium (Na+) electrochemical gradients established by Na+/K+ ATPase activity drives the
transport of ions, minerals, and sugars in both excitable and non-excitable cells. Na+ …