Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease triggered by environmental factors that act
on a genetically susceptible host. It features three clinical stages: a pre-clinical stage …

CNS inflammation is a major driver of MS pathology. Differential immune responses,
including the adaptive and the innate immune system, are observed at various stages of MS …

There is an increasing recognition that inflammation plays a critical role in
neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS, including Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral …

Abstract Treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) is challenging: disease-modifying treatments
(DMTs) must both limit unwanted immune responses associated with disease initiation and …

Autoimmune disease can develop as a result of a breakdown in immunological tolerance,
leading to the activation of self-reactive T cells. There is an established link between …

This work provides an overview of the most consistent alterations in bipolar disorder (BD),
attempting to unify them in an internally coherent working model of the pathophysiology of …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and demyelinating condition of the CNS,
characterized by perivascular infiltrates composed largely of T lymphocytes and …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a distinctly heterogeneous and multifactorial disorder with a high
individual and social burden. Immune pathway dysregulation is an important …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severely debilitating disease characterized by
progressive degeneration of motor neurons. Charcot first described ALS in 18691; however …

The pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) involves several components: redox,
inflammatory/autoimmune, vascular, and neurodegenerative. All of them are supported by …