Decisions are often driven by a combination of immediate perception and previous
experience. In this study, we investigated how these two sources of information are …

When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure. For example, when
standardized test scores in education become targets, teachers may start “teaching to the …

It is generally assumed that choice between different actions reflects the difference between
their action values yet little direct evidence confirming this assumption has been reported …

Personal success often necessitates expending greater effort for greater reward but, equally
important, also requires judicious use of our limited cognitive resources (eg, attention) …

Conflictual cues and unexpected changes in human real-case scenarios may be detrimental
to the execution of tasks by artificial agents, thus affecting their performance. Meta-learning …

Actions are biased by the outcomes they can produce: Humans are more likely to show
action under reward prospect, but hold back under punishment prospect. Such motivational …

Neuromodulation is a promising treatment modality for disorders of learning and memory,
offering the possibility of precise alteration of disordered neural circuits. Studies to date have …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in mediating important higher-order cognitive
processes such as decision making, prompting thereby our actions. At the same time, PFC …

Animal brains evolved to optimize behavior in dynamic environments, flexibly selecting
actions that maximize future rewards in different contexts. A large body of experimental work …

Pathological gambling is an addictive disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to
gamble despite severe consequences. One of the hallmarks of pathological gambling is …