The basal ganglia are subcortical nuclei controlling voluntary actions and have been
implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). The prevailing model of basal ganglia function …

Abstract Schultz, Wolfram. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol.
80: 1–27, 1998. The effects of lesions, receptor blocking, electrical self-stimulation, and …

Many of the brain's reward systems converge on the nucleus accumbens, a region richly
innervated by excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory afferents representing the circuitry …

The basal ganglia comprise several nuclei in the forebrain, diencephalon, and midbrain
thought to play a significant role in the control of posture and movement. It is well recognized …

This paper reviews some of the recent findings on different aspects of the anatomical
organization of the basal ganglia. Attempts have been made to delineate the anatomical …

A novel mechanism for regulating dopamine activity in subcortical sites and its possible
relevance to schizophrenia is proposed. This hypothesis is based on the regulation of …

Our understanding of the organization of the basal ganglia has advanced markedly over the
last 10 years, mainly due to increased knowledge of their anatomical, neurochemical and …

The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei involved in a variety of processes
including motor, cognitive and mnemonic functions. One of their major roles is to integrate …

The natural incentives that shape behavior reach the central circuitry of motivation trans-
synaptically, via the five senses, whereas the laboratory rewards of intracranial stimulation …

Brain dopamine is implicated in the regulation of movement, attention, reward and learning.
Dysfunction of dopamine plays a role in Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and drug …