The hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid feedback control is a dynamic, adaptive system. In
situations of illness and deprivation of energy representing type 1 allostasis, the stress …

Thyroid hormones (THs) are synthesized in the thyroid gland, and they circulate in the blood
to regulate cells, tissues, and organs in the body. In particular, they exert several effects on …

Background The new coronavirus 19 disease (COVID-19) represents the current worldwide
emergency. According to past evidence, a simple biomarker, such as low free …

Low T3 syndrome occurs frequently in patients with sepsis. Type 3 deiodinase (DIO3) is
present in immune cells, but there is no description of its presence in patients with sepsis …

Tissue hypoxia occurs in various conditions such as myocardial or brain ischemia and
infarction, sepsis, and trauma, and induces cellular damage and tissue remodeling with …

Context During illness, deiodination of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) is
downregulated. This is called “low T3 syndrome”, an adaptive metabolic mechanism to …

Objectives: Describe the pathophysiology of euthyroid syndrome. Explain how to distinguish
euthyroid sick syndrome from true pathology affecting the thyroid. Identify when euthyroid …

Background: Coronary stenosis severity determines ischemic symptoms and adverse
outcomes. The metabolomic analysis of human fluids can provide an insight into the …

Certain cardiac conditions and medications can cause alterations in thyroid function that
may predispose an individual to higher morbidity and mortality. In certain situations, thyroid …

Chronic heart failure (CHF) leads to an excess of urgent ambulatory visits, recurrent hospital
admissions, morbidity, and mortality regardless of medical and non-medical management of …