Critical features of human addiction are increasingly being incorporated into complementary
animal models, including escalation of drug intake, punished drug seeking and taking …

Relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of addiction. During the last
several decades, this clinical scenario has been studied at the preclinical level using classic …

Ketamine, a racemic mixture of (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine enantiomers, has been used
as an anesthetic, analgesic and more recently, as an antidepressant. However, ketamine …

A widely held dogma in the preclinical addiction field is that females are more vulnerable
than males to drug craving and relapse. Here, we first review clinical studies on sex …

It was suggested in 1986 that cue-induced cocaine craving increases progressively during
early abstinence and remains high during extended periods of time. Clinical evidence now …

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major epidemic in the United States, and fentanyl is a major
culprit. The National Institute on Drug Abuse has highlighted an urgent need for research on …

This paper is the forty-fifth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of
research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during …

Withdrawal from opioids involves a negative affective state that promotes maintenance of
drug-seeking behavior and relapse. As such, understanding the neurobiological …

Abstract In 1986, Gawin and Kleber reported a progressive increase in cue-induced drug
craving in individuals with cocaine use disorders during prolonged abstinence. After years of …

Rationale Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major epidemic in the USA. Despite evidence
indicating that OUD may be particularly severe for women, preclinical models have yet to …