Arctic amplification (AA)—referring to the enhancement of near-surface air temperature
change over the Arctic relative to lower latitudes—is a prominent feature of climate change …

Abstract Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth
System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of …

The Paris agreement focused global climate mitigation policy on limiting global warming to
1.5 or 2° C above pre-industrial levels. Consequently, projections of hazards and risk are …

Sandy beaches occupy more than one-third of the global coastline and have high
socioeconomic value related to recreation, tourism and ecosystem services. Beaches are …

The carbon balance of peatlands is predicted to shift from a sink to a source this century.
However, peatland ecosystems are still omitted from the main Earth system models that are …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet is one of the largest sources of contemporary sea-level
rise (SLR). While process-based models place timescales on Greenland's deglaciation, their …

Most estimates of global mean sea-level rise this century fall below 2 m. This quantity is
comparable to the positive vertical bias of the principle digital elevation model (DEM) used …

Despite substantial progress in understanding global biodiversity loss, major taxonomic and
geographic knowledge gaps remain. Decision makers often rely on expert judgement to fill …

Anthropogenic sea-level rise (SLR) is predicted to impact, and, in many cases, displace, a
large proportion of the population via inundation and heightened SLR-related hazards. With …