Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

Animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have proved highly effective in the discovery of
novel treatments for motor symptoms of PD and in the search for clues to the underlying …

The popularity of caffeine as a psychoactive drug is due to its stimulant properties, which
depend on its ability to reduce adenosine transmission in the brain. Adenosine A 1 and A 2A …

A. Cellular and Subcellular Localization B. Pharmacological Tools to Study Adenosine
Receptors C. Signaling Via Adenosine Receptors D. Regulation of Receptor Expression and …

Adenosine acts in parallel as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic modulator in the
central nervous system. Its neuromodulatory role relies on a balanced activation of inhibitory …

Introduction It is now accepted that Parkinson's disease (PD) is not simply due to
dopaminergic dysfunction, and there is interest in developing non-dopaminergic …

The demonstration that dopamine loss is the key pathological feature of Parkinson's disease
(PD), and the subsequent introduction of levodopa have revolutionalized the field of PD …

The adenosine A 2A receptor has emerged as an attractive non-dopaminergic target in the
pursuit of improved therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), based in part on its unique CNS …

Objective Based on new understanding of nondopaminergic pathways involved in
Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology, a selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist …

Dopamine replacement therapy with l-DOPA is the most efficacious symptomatic treatment
for Parkinson's disease, but its utility is limited by a development of motor fluctuations and …