Spasticity, following the neurological disorder of cerebral palsy (CP), describes a
pathological condition, the central feature of which is involuntary and prolonged muscle …

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common movement disorder in children. A diagnosis of CP
is often made based on abnormal muscle tone or posture, a delay in reaching motor …

Spasticity, following the neurological disorder of cerebral palsy (CP), describes a
pathological condition, the central feature of which is involuntary and prolonged muscle …

Recent animal experiments suggested that centrally transported botulinum toxin type A
(BoNT-A) might reduce an abnormal muscle tone, though with an unknown contribution to …

Injected in a muscle, the botulinum toxin causes localized and temporary paralysis by acting
on the neuromuscular synapse. Currently, it is widely prescribed for the treatment of limb …

Background and Purpose Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) injections into hyperactive
muscles provide effective treatment for spasticity and dystonias, presumably due to its local …

Nowadays, objective measures are becoming prominent in spasticity assessment, to
overcome limitations of clinical scales. Among others, Tonic Stretch Reflex Threshold …

The aim of this paper is to provide a clinically applicable overview of different tone reducing
modalities and how these can interact with or augment concurrent physical therapy (PT) …

Botulinum toxin has been used in medicine for the past 30 years. However, there continues
to be controversy about the appropriate uses and dosing, especially in the pediatric …

Background: Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) is a neuromuscular blocking agent. BTX-A
inhibits acetylcholine release, causes neuromuscular transmission impairment, and …