This book describes the optical structure and optical properties of the human eye. For ease
of reference, the most commonly useful topics are at the beginning and topics with narrower …

Purpose To report the normative ocular and periocular anthropometric measurements in an
Australian cohort and investigate how these may be affected age, gender, and ethnicity …

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous
conditions due to defects in genes involved in development and function of the nervous …

A mismatch between the interpupillary distance (IPD) and inter-optical system distance
(IOSD) in virtual reality (VR) applications can lead to discomfort. The IOSD must be …

Clinical relevance Accurate measurement of several physiognomy parameters
(interpupillary, nasopupillary and fitting height distances) and frame angles (pantoscopic …

This study aims to examine the values of the orbital region in Turkish young adults by the
two-dimensional photogrammetry. Anthropometric measurements of the eye and eyelid …

Purpose: To establish the normative data of the head and face measurements needed to
design an appropriate spectacle frame for the Indian population. Methods: Indian subjects …

Measuring interpupilary distance and pupil height is a crucial step in the process of
optometry. However, existing methods suffer from low accuracy, high cost, a lack of …

Refractive errors (RE) are commonly reported visual impairment problems worldwide.
Previous clinical studies demonstrated age‐related changes in human eyes. We …

Background Interpupillary distance (IPD) is important in developmental anatomy, genetics,
design of optical instrumentation, ocular diagnostics, and optical prescribing. IPD frequently …