Modularity is now generally recognized as a fundamental feature of organisms, one that may
have profound consequences for evolution. Modularity has recently become a major focus of …

Primates are characterized by relatively late ages at first reproduction, long lives and low
fertility. Together, these traits define a life-history of reduced reproductive effort …

Organisms represent a complex arrangement of anatomical structures and individuated
parts that must maintain functional associations through development. This integration of …

Morphological modularity arises in complex living beings due to a semi‐independent
inheritance, development, and function of body parts. Modularity helps us to understand the …

Proper functioning of complex phenotypes requires that multiple traits work together.
Examination of relationships among traits within and between complex characters and how …

Groups of correlated characters (variational modules) often are considered to be the result of
dissociated local developmental factors, ie, of a modular genotype–phenotype map. But …

The mechanisms translating genetic to phenotypic variation determine the distribution of
heritable phenotypic variance available to selection. Pleiotropy is an aspect of this structure …

The degree of integration of multidimensional phenotypes has an important place in
evolutionary biology, pertaining to the structure of variation that is available for natural …

Quantitative genetic analyses can indicate how complex traits respond to natural selection
by demonstrating the genetic relationships between features that constrain their evolution …

Phenotypic traits do not always respond to selection independently from each other and
often show correlated responses to selection. The structure of a genotype-phenotype map …