Background Pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) has been known to be a risk factor for
congenital heart defects (CHDs) for decades. However, the associations between maternal …

Placental lactogen (PL) is a peptide hormone secreted throughout pregnancy by both
animal and human specialized endocrine cells. PL plays an important role in the regulation …

Importance Neural tube defects are among the most common congenital malformations in
the US, with an estimated 3000 pregnancies affected each year. Many of these neural tube …

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular
disease, musculoskeletal, mental and neurological disorders have been identified as the …

Currently, 60 million women of reproductive age (18-44 years old) worldwide, and
approximately 3 million American women have diabetes mellitus, and it has been estimated …

Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum is a complex developmental disorder characterised
mainly by anomalies of the ear, hemifacial microsomia, epibulbar dermoids and vertebral …

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) constitute a major cause of
chronic kidney disease in children and 20% of prenatally detected anomalies. CAKUT …

Objective To investigate whether exposure to metformin during the first trimester of
pregnancy, for diabetes or other indications, increases the risk of all or specific congenital …

Advances have been made in identifying genetic etiologies of congenital heart defects.
Through this knowledge, preventive strategies have been designed and instituted, and …

Maternal diabetes is associated with congenital heart defects (CHDs) as a group, but few
studies have assessed risk for specific CHD phenotypes. We analyzed these relationships …